Res judicata or collateral estoppel, claim or issue preclusion, assumption of risk, a contributory or comparative negligence, duress, fraud as a defense, release waiver.

既判力或间接不可翻案，请求或争点，险自负，或比较过失，胁迫，欺诈抗辩，豁免弃权。

These affirmative defenses, such as statutes of limitations, res judicata, estoppel, waiver, or even contributory negligence, are critical because if not raised in the initial response, the opportunity to assert them later may be lost.

些肯定性抗辩，如时效、既判事项、禁反言、弃权或甚过失等，非常重要， 因为如果不在初始回应中提出，以后主张些抗辩的机会可能会丧失。